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civil polity

  • 1 civil polity

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > civil polity

  • 2 civil polity

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > civil polity

  • 3 civil

    громадянський; загальногромадянський ( про суд); цивільний; цивільно-правовий; цивільна справа з перепроводженням під варту

    civil status registration office — бюро (відділ) запису актів громадянського стану, ЗАГС

    - civil corporation
    - civil obligation
    - civil action
    - civil activism
    - civil administration
    - civil agent
    - civil alternative service
    - civil appeal
    - civil authorities
    - civil aviation act
    - civil aviation law
    - civil bail
    - civil case
    - civil case study
    - civil casework
    - civil circulation
    - civil claim
    - civil clerk
    - civil code
    - civil cognation
    - civil commitment
    - civil commotion
    - civil complaint
    - civil contempt
    - civil court
    - civil custody
    - civil damages
    - civil day
    - civil death
    - civil defence
    - civil defense
    - civil defendant
    - civil degree
    - civil demand
    - civil disobedience
    - civil disorder
    - civil disorders
    - civil disturbance
    - civil disturbances
    - civil disturbance
    - civil disturbances
    - civil division
    - civil docket
    - civil domicile
    - civil enforcement agency
    - civil evidence
    - civil fine
    - civil freedoms
    - civil government
    - civil identification
    - civil incapacity
    - civil inferior
    - civil infraction
    - civil injunction
    - civil injury
    - civil interruption
    - civil investigation
    - civil investigative demand
    - civil judge
    - civil judgement
    - civil judgment
    - civil jurisdiction
    - civil justice
    - civil justice official
    - civil law
    - civil law court
    - civil law term
    - civil lawyer
    - civil legal aid
    - civil legislation
    - civil liability
    - civil liberties
    - civil liberties lawyer
    - civil liberty
    - civil list
    - civil list annuity
    - civil litigation
    - civil marriage
    - civil matter
    - civil matters
    - civil obligation
    - civil offence
    - civil offense
    - civil offence victim
    - civil offense victim
    - civil offender
    - civil office
    - civil officer
    - civil official
    - civil penalty
    - civil polity
    - civil possession
    - civil practice
    - civil practice lawyer
    - civil prisoner
    - civil procedural law
    - civil procedure
    - civil procedure trial
    - civil proceeding
    - civil proceedings
    - civil process
    - civil register
    - civil registration
    - civil relief
    - civil remedy
    - civil responsibility
    - civil right
    - civil rights
    - civil rights act
    - civil rights activist
    - civil rights movement
    - civil risk
    - civil sanction
    - civil servant
    - civil service
    - civil side of assize
    - civil society
    - civil standards
    - civil state
    - civil status
    - civil strife
    - civil suit
    - civil trial
    - civil union
    - civil unrest
    - civil war
    - civil wrong

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > civil

  • 4 polity

    [ʹpɒlıtı] n книжн.
    1. 1) государственное устройство
    2) образ или форма правления
    2. государство
    3. правительство

    НБАРС > polity

  • 5 polity

    1. n книжн. государственное устройство
    2. n книжн. образ или форма правления
    3. n книжн. государство
    4. n книжн. правительство
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. course (noun) course; line; policy; procedure; program
    2. empire (noun) commonalty; commonwealth; empire; federation; the people
    3. state (noun) country; land; nation; state

    English-Russian base dictionary > polity

  • 6 polity

    ˈpɔlɪtɪ сущ.
    1) государственное устройство;
    образ/форма правления
    2) государство Syn: state
    3) правительство( книжное) государственное устройство;
    образ или форма правления - civil * гражданская форма правления (книжное) государство;
    правительство polity государственное устройство;
    образ или форма правления ~ государство

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > polity

  • 7 цивільна форма правління

    Українсько-англійський юридичний словник > цивільна форма правління

  • 8 образ правления

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > образ правления

  • 9 उशनस् _uśanas

    उशनस् m. [वश्-कनसि संप्र˚ Uṇ.4.238] (Nom. sing. उशना; Voc. sing. उशनन्, उशन, उशनः) N. of Śukra, regent of the planet Venus, son of Bhṛigu and precep- tor of the Asuras. In the Vedas he has the epithet (or patronymic name) Kāvya given to him, probably because he was noted for his wisdom; मित्रावरुणावुशनां काव्यम् (अवथः) Av.4.29.6. cf. कवीनामुशना कविः Bg. 1.37; He is also known as a writer on civil and reli- gious law (Y.1.4). and as an authority on civil polity; शास्त्रमुशनसा प्रणीतम् Pt.5; अध्यापितस्योशनसापि नीतिम् Ku.3.6.
    -Comp. -प्रियम् A kind of gem Called गोमेद (वैडूर्य ?)

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > उशनस् _uśanas

  • 10 politicus

    pŏlītĭcus, a, um, adj., = politikos, of or belonging to civil polity or to the State, political, civil: libri, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 5:

    philosophi,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 28, 109:

    virtutes,

    Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 8.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > politicus

  • 11 гражданская форма правления

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > гражданская форма правления

  • 12 औशन _auśana _औशनस _auśanasa

    औशन औशनस a. (
    -नी, -सी f.) [उशनस्-अण्] Belonging or peculiar to Uśanas; originating from Uśanas, or taught by him; पितामहाद्वरं लेभे सर्वमौशनसं धनम् Rām.4.51.13.
    -सम् 1 The law-book of उशनस् (a treatise on civil polity).
    -2 N. of an Upapurāṇa.
    -साः N. of a school of writers on the science of government mentioned by Kauṭilya; Kau. A.1.15.
    -सी N. of Devayanī; तं वीरमाहौशनसी प्रेमनिर्भरया गिरा Bhāg.9.18.2.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > औशन _auśana _औशनस _auśanasa

  • 13 कौटिल्यम् _kauṭilyam

    कौटिल्यम् [cf. नित्यं कौटिल्ये गतौ P.III.1.23.]
    1 Crookedness (lit. and fig.); कौटिल्यं कचनिचये करचरणा- धरतलेषु रागस्ते K. P.
    -2 Wickedness.
    -3 dishonesty, fraud; यो मित्राणि करोत्यत्र न कौटिल्येन वर्तते Pt.2.185.
    -ल्यः 'The crooked', N. of Chāṇakya, a celebrated writer on civil polity, (the work being known as चाण्क्य- नीति), the friend and adviser of Chandragupta and a very important character in the Mudrārākṣasa; कौटिल्यः कुटिलमतिः स एष येन क्रोधाग्नौ प्रसभमदाहि नन्दवंशः Mu.1.7; स्पृशति मां भृत्यभावेन कौटिल्यशिष्यः Mu.7.
    -शास्त्रम् Chāṇa- kya's doctrine (diplomacy).

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > कौटिल्यम् _kauṭilyam

  • 14 चाणक्यः _cāṇakyḥ

    चाणक्यः N. of a celebrated writer on civil polity; also known as विष्णुगुप्त, कौटिल्य; see कौटिल्य.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > चाणक्यः _cāṇakyḥ

  • 15 polīticus

        polīticus adj., πολιτικόσ, of civil polity, relating to the State, political: philosophi.
    * * *
    politica, politicum ADJ
    of the state, political

    Latin-English dictionary > polīticus

  • 16 πολιτεία

    πολῑτ-εία, [dialect] Ion. [suff] πολῑτ-ηΐη, ,
    A condition and rights of a citizen, citizenship, Hdt.9.34, Th.6.104, etc.;

    π. δοῦναί τινι X.HG1.2.10

    : pl., grants of citizenship, Arist.Ath.54.3.
    2 the daily life of a citizen, And.2.10, D. 19.184;

    ἐν εἰρήνῃ καὶ π. Id.20.122

    ; life, living,

    ἡ ἐν Βοιωτίᾳ π. Plb.18.43.6

    ; so perh. Ep.Eph.2.12.
    3 concrete, body of citizens, Arist.Pol. 1292a34.
    4 = Lat. civitas in geographical sense, SIG888.118 (Scaptopara, iii A. D.), Mitteis Chr.78.6 (iv A. D.), etc.
    II government, administration, Ar.Eq. 219, X.Mem.3.9.15, etc.;

    ἄγειν τὴν π. Th.1.127

    ;

    πρασύτατα καὶ ἀσελγέστατα τῇ π. κεχρῆσθαι Hyp.Eux.29

    ; course of policy,

    τῇ π. καὶ τοῖς ψηφίσμασι D.18.87

    , cf. 9.3 (pl.), 18.263;

    ἡ Κλεοφῶντος π. Aeschin.3.150

    ;

    ἡ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ὁμιλία καὶ π. Str.16.2.46

    : pl., acts of policy, J.Vit.65.
    2 tenure of public office,

    πᾶσαν π. ἐπιφανῶς ἐκτελέσαι IG4.716.6

    ([place name] Hermione);

    ἐν τοῖς τῆς π. χρόνοις IPE12.32B76

    (Olbia, iii B. C.).
    III civil polity, constitution of a state, Antipho 3.2.1, Th.2.37, etc.;

    τὴν ἐλευθερίαν.., μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ τὰς π. D.18.65

    ; form of gouernment, Pl.R. 562a, etc.;

    ὁμολογοῦνται τρεῖς εἶναι π., τυραννὶς καὶ ὀλιγαρχία καὶ δημοκρατία Aeschin.1.4

    , cf. Arist.Pol. 1293a37, etc.;

    αἱ τέτταρες π. Pl.R. 544b

    ;

    ἥτις ἂν π. συμφέρῃ Lys.25.8

    ;

    π. ἐστὶ τάξις ταῖς πόλεσιν ἡ περὶ τὰς ἀρχάς Arist.Pol. 1289a15

    , cf. 1274b26 (pl.), 1289b27 (pl.); ὅπου μὴ νόμοι ἄρχουσιν οὐκ ἔστι π. ib. 1292a32; τὴν ἀρίστην πολιτεύεσθαι π. ib. 1288b31, cf. X.Ath.1.1, etc.
    2 esp. republican government, free common-wealth, Arist.EN 1160a34, Pol. 1293b22; ὅταν δὲ τὸ πλῆθος πρὸς τὸ κοινὸν πολιτεύηται συμφέρον, καλεῖται π. ib. 1279a39;

    ἄπιστον ταῖς π. ἡ τυραννίς D.1.5

    ;

    οὐ γὰρ ἀσφαλεῖς ταῖς π. αἱ πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους.. ὁμιλίαι Id.6.21

    ;

    τοὺς τὰς π. μεθιστάντας εἰς ὀλιγαρχίαν Id.15.20

    ;

    ταῖς μὲν π. πολεμοῦσι τὰς δὲ μοναρχίας συγκαθιστᾶσι Isoc.4.125

    ;

    ἔστι δήμου ἡ π. βίος Plu.2.826c

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > πολιτεία

  • 17 gobierno

    m.
    1 government.
    el gobierno en pleno asistió al acto all the members of the government attended
    gobierno autónomo autonomous government
    gobierno central central government
    gobierno civil (Antes) = body representing the central government in each province (peninsular Spanish)
    gobierno de coalición coalition government
    gobierno militar = body representing the army in each province (peninsular Spanish)
    gobierno provisional caretaker government
    gobierno de transición caretaker o interim government
    El Gobierno es elegido por la gente Governement are elected by the people.
    2 government buildings (edificio).
    3 running, management.
    4 control (control).
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: gobernar.
    * * *
    1 PLÍTICA government
    2 (mando) command, running, handling
    3 (conducción) direction, control; (de un barco) steering; (de timón) rudder
    \
    para tu (su) gobierno for your own information
    servir de gobierno to serve as a guideline
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Pol) government

    gobierno autonómico, gobierno autónomo — autonomous government, regional government

    2) (=dirección) guidance, direction; (=gerencia) management; (=manejo) control, handling

    para su gobierno — for your guidance, for your information

    servir de gobierno a algn — to act as a guide to sb, serve as a norm for sb

    gobierno doméstico, gobierno de la casa — housekeeping, running of the household

    3) (=puesto) governorship; (=edificio) Government House

    gobierno civil(=puesto) civil governorship; (=edificio) civil governor's residence

    4) (Náut) steering; (=timón) helm

    de buen gobierno — navigable, easily steerable

    5)
    * * *
    a) (Pol) government
    b) (ant) ( administración) management, administration
    * * *
    a) (Pol) government
    b) (ant) ( administración) management, administration
    * * *
    el gobierno
    (n.) = political establishment, el

    Ex: These plays used the experience of white American sailors enslaved in Algiers by Barbary pirates as a mask behind which their abolitionist authors could criticize moral abuses in the political establishment of America.

    gobierno1
    1 = governance, dispensation.

    Ex: Public libraries specifically face enormous problems of funding and governance.

    Ex: The role of government publications in the provision of information is discussed as well as the new constitutional dispensation which came into being in September 1984 in the Republic of South Africa.
    * equipo de gobierno = administration, governing board, management.
    * gobierno de la mayoría = majority rule.
    * gobierno participativo = participative management.
    * junta de gobierno = ruling executive body, governing board.
    * órgano de gobierno = governing body, administrative body, governing board.
    * sistema de gobierno = polity.

    gobierno2
    2 = administration, government, parliament.

    Ex: When cataloguing a document issued by a regional government, the cataloguer must understand something of the geography and administration of the locality concerned.

    Ex: In considering the headings to be chosen for government agencies it is as well to start by considering the headings for governments.
    Ex: Librarians should not indulge in complacency in the wake of the Chancellor of the Exchequer's decision not to impose any VAT on books for the duration of the present parliament.
    * a cargo del gobierno = government-operated.
    * a iniciativas del gobierno = government-led.
    * apoyado por el gobierno = government-supported, government-backed.
    * ayuda del gobierno = state aid, state support.
    * base de datos del gobierno de USA = CRECORD, FEDREG.
    * bono del gobierno = government bond.
    * cargo ejecutivo del gobierno = government executive.
    * científico del gobierno = government scientist.
    * controlado por el gobierno = state-controlled.
    * corrupción del gobierno = government corruption.
    * del gobierno = government-owned, government-operated, government-run.
    * departamento del gobierno = government office.
    * dependiente del gobierno = government-supported.
    * derrocar al gobierno = topple + the government.
    * derrocar el gobierno = bring down + the government.
    * elección del gobierno = political election.
    * empleado del gobierno = government employee.
    * en contra del gobierno = anti-government.
    * financiado por el gobierno = government-funded.
    * financiado por el gobierno federal = federally funded [federally-funded].
    * gobierno autónomo = autonomous region.
    * gobierno central = central government.
    * gobierno de faldas = petticoat government.
    * gobierno del estado = state government.
    * gobierno dominado por mujeres = petticoat government.
    * gobierno, el = political establishment, el.
    * gobierno electrónico = electronic government (e-government).
    * gobierno en el poder = ruling government.
    * gobierno fantoche = puppet regime.
    * gobierno federal = federal government.
    * gobierno laico = secular state.
    * gobierno local = local government.
    * gobierno marioneta = puppet regime.
    * gobierno paternalista = nanny state.
    * gobierno regional = regional government.
    * gobierno títere = puppet regime.
    * gobierno transitorio = transitory government.
    * gobierno unipartidista = one-party rule.
    * GPO (Imprenta del Gobierno Americano) = GPO (Government Printing Office).
    * institución del gobierno = government establishment.
    * ministerio del gobierno = government ministry.
    * ministro del gobierno = government minister.
    * NAGARA (Asocicación Nacional de Archiveros y Gestores de Documentos del Gobi = National Association of Government Archivists and Records Administrators (NAGARA).
    * oficial del gobierno = government official.
    * partido en el gobierno = governing party.
    * patrocinado por el gobierno = government-sponsored.
    * patrocinado por el gobierno federal = federally sponsored [federally-sponsored].
    * por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.
    * por el gobierno federal = federally.
    * portavoz del gobierno = press spokesman.
    * por todo el gobierno = government-wide.
    * promovido por el gobierno = government-led.
    * propiedad del gobierno = government-owned.
    * publicación de documentos del gobierno = government publishing.
    * publicación del gobierno = government publication.
    * regulado por el gobierno = state-regulated.
    * respaldado por el gobierno = government-backed.
    * subvencionado por el gobierno = government-subsidised.
    * subvención del gobierno = federal grant, state aid, state support.
    * supervisado por el gobierno = state-regulated.

    * * *
    1 ( Pol) government
    está encargado de formar nuevo gobierno he has been given the task of forming a new government
    2 ( ant) (administración) management, administration
    el buen/mal gobierno de una hacienda the good/bad management o administration of an estate
    Compuestos:
    civilian government
    coalition government
    government of national unity
    provisional o transition government
    caretaker government
    military government
    * * *

     

    Del verbo gobernar: ( conjugate gobernar)

    gobierno es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    gobernar    
    gobierno
    gobernar ( conjugate gobernar) verbo transitivo país to govern, rule;
    barco to steer
    verbo intransitivo (Gob, Pol) to govern;
    (Náut) to steer
    gobierno sustantivo masculino
    government
    gobernar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo
    1 to govern
    2 Náut to steer
    gobierno sustantivo masculino
    1 Pol government
    2 (mando, administración) management
    3 Náut steering
    ' gobierno' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abaratarse
    - acosar
    - actual
    - administración
    - angular
    - bicolor
    - billón
    - cajón
    - conspirar
    - decretar
    - derribar
    - derrocar
    - derrumbamiento
    - dicotomía
    - estrechar
    - favorecer
    - ilegítima
    - ilegítimo
    - instrumentación
    - junta
    - mandato
    - presidenta
    - presidente
    - promover
    - sede
    - títere
    - argentino
    - caer
    - caída
    - coalición
    - crisis
    - débil
    - echar
    - entrante
    - estado
    - formación
    - formar
    - intendencia
    - interino
    - jefe
    - lo
    - mayoría
    - precario
    - prever
    - reconocer
    English:
    act
    - administration
    - antipollution
    - bring down
    - call
    - caretaker government
    - central government
    - coalition
    - collusion
    - confer
    - crackdown
    - curtail
    - decentralize
    - decree
    - defraud
    - department
    - enviable
    - expansion
    - fellow
    - for
    - government
    - govt.
    - incoming
    - institute
    - institution
    - itself
    - lawsuit
    - on
    - overthrow
    - powerful
    - present
    - rule
    - scientific
    - seat
    - Secretary of State
    - shaky
    - state
    - subsidize
    - superficial
    - back
    - bow
    - conveniently
    - county
    - devolution
    - front
    - govern
    - house
    - housing
    - line
    - official
    * * *
    nm
    1. [organismo] government;
    el gobierno en pleno asistió al acto all the members of the government attended the ceremony
    gobierno autónomo autonomous government;
    gobierno central central government;
    Esp Antes gobierno civil = body representing the central government in each province;
    gobierno de coalición coalition government;
    gobierno de concentración government of national unity;
    gobierno directo direct rule;
    gobierno mayoritario majority rule;
    Esp gobierno militar = body representing the army in each province;
    gobierno títere puppet government;
    gobierno de transición caretaker o interim government
    2. [edificio] government buildings
    3. [administración, gestión] running, management;
    gobierno de la casa housekeeping
    4. [de barco] steering
    * * *
    m
    1 POL government
    2 MAR steering
    * * *
    : government
    * * *
    gobierno n government

    Spanish-English dictionary > gobierno

  • 18 государственный

    state, government (attr)

    госуда́рственный строй — state system

    госуда́рственная власть — state power / authority

    госуда́рственное пра́во — public law

    госуда́рственное устро́йство — state organization, polity

    госуда́рственное управле́ние — state administration, governance

    госуда́рственная грани́ца — state border / frontier ['frʌ-]

    госуда́рственный долг — national debt

    госуда́рственный язы́к — official language

    госуда́рственный переворо́т — coup d'état (фр.) [,kuːdeɪ'tɑː]

    госуда́рственный де́ятель — statesman

    госуда́рственный ум — statesmanship, statecraft

    госуда́рственная та́йна — state secret

    госуда́рственное учрежде́ние — government institution

    госуда́рственная слу́жба — state / public service; ( в Англии) Civil Service

    госуда́рственный слу́жащий — civil / public servant, civil-service / government employee

    госуда́рственная казна́ — Treasury ['tre-]

    госуда́рственная изме́на — high treason

    госуда́рственной ва́жности — of national importance

    госуда́рственный флаг — state / national flag

    госуда́рственные экза́мены — final / state examinations; finals амер.

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > государственный

  • 19 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 20 государственный

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > государственный

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